Foreword	6
	Preface	7
	Contents	9
	Abbreviations	13
	List of Figures	16
	List of Tables	20
	1 Wireless Technology for Vehicles	22
	1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks	23
	1.2 Expanding the Mobility Domain of WLANs	25
	1.2.1 Vehicular Communications	26
	1.2.2 V2V and R2V Communications	26
	1.3 Autonomous and Connected Vehicles Vision	28
	1.4 Wireless Technologies for Vehicles	30
	1.4.1 Cellular Networks and D2D Communication	31
	1.4.2 802.1x Technologies	33
	1.4.3 Cognitive Radio	34
	1.5 802.11-Based VC: Challenges	34
	1.5.1 Disruption Tolerance	34
	1.5.2 Handover Latency	36
	1.5.3 Security Issues	37
	1.6 Summary	37
	2 Basics of Vehicular Communication	39
	2.1 Disruption Tolerant Networking	40
	2.1.1 Systems and Architectures	40
	2.1.2 New and Modified Protocols	43
	2.1.3 Prediction-Based Techniques	45
	2.2 Handover Latency in Wireless Networks	47
	2.2.1 Detection, Search, and Probing Delay	48
	2.2.2 Authentication and Address Allocation Delay	50
	2.3 Handovers in Vehicular Communication	51
	2.3.1 Mobility Management and Heterogeneity	54
	2.4 IEEE Standards for Vehicular Communication	55
	2.4.1 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments: 802.11p	56
	2.4.2 Fast Transition: 802.11r	57
	2.4.3 High Throughput: 802.11n	58
	2.4.4 Very High Throughput: 802.11ac	58
	2.4.5 IEEE 802.11ax: Work in Progress	60
	2.5 Summary	61
	3 Performance Indicators of Vehicular Communication	62
	3.1 The Vehicular Context	63
	3.2 Key Parameters: RSS and Data Rate	63
	3.3 Measurement and Analysis	64
	3.3.1 Signal Strength	65
	3.3.2 Data Rate	68
	3.3.2.1 Experimental Setup	68
	3.3.2.2 Observations and Analysis	70
	3.3.3 Correlation Between Data Rates and RSS	72
	3.4 Application: Traffic Congestion Monitoring	74
	3.4.1 Extended MULE Concept	75
	3.4.1.1 Comparison with Other Works	76
	3.4.1.2 X-MULE Issues	76
	3.4.2 Roadside Infrastructure	77
	3.4.2.1 Encounter Duration	79
	3.4.3 Communication Mechanism	80
	3.5 Case Study: In-Vehicle Infotainment	84
	3.6 Summary	85
	4 Markov Representation of Vehicular Communications	87
	4.1 Markov Models	88
	4.1.1 Fundamentals of Markov Chains	88
	4.1.2 Markov Process in R2V Communications	89
	4.2 Estimating the Transition Probability	91
	4.2.1 Data Collection	91
	4.2.2 Probability Distribution of Dataset	92
	4.2.3 Calculating Transition Probability	97
	4.2.4 Long Term Error Rate	99
	4.3 Three-State Markov Model	101
	4.4 Towards Hidden Markov Model	103
	4.5 Summary	104
	5 Disruption in Vehicular Communications	105
	5.1 Hidden Markov Models	105
	5.2 HMM Representation of R2V Communication	106
	5.2.1 Model Structure	107
	5.2.2 Estimating Model Parameters	109
	5.2.3 Model Generality, Limitations, and Need	112
	5.2.3.1 Online and Offline Calculations	112
	5.3 Observation Sequence of HMM	114
	5.4 Probabilistic Measures of Disruption	117
	5.4.1 Forward Algorithm	118
	5.4.2 State Probability	120
	5.4.3 Encounter Probability	121
	5.5 Traffic Pattern Analysis	123
	5.5.1 Drive Tests	123
	5.5.2 Variation in Disruption with Traffic Patterns	125
	5.6 Summary	128
	6 Inter ISP Roaming for Vehicular Communications	129
	6.1 Intra- and Inter ISP Roaming	130
	6.2 Wireless Internet Service Provider Roaming	132
	6.2.1 WISPr Architecture	133
	6.3 Wireless Roaming for Data Offloading	135
	6.4 Modifications in HMM	137
	6.4.1 Effectiveness of WISPr	138
	6.5 Summary	140
	7 Handover Latency in Vehicular Communication	142
	7.1 Handovers in WLANs	142
	7.2 Experiments and Observations	143
	7.2.1 Measurement Setup	144
	7.2.2 Observations in Vehicular Environments	144
	7.3 Latency Analysis	147
	7.3.1 DHCP Delay	147
	7.3.1.1 Legacy DHCP	148
	7.3.1.2 Assessing Individual DHCP Processes	148
	7.3.2 EAP Delay	151
	7.3.3 Scanning Delay	152
	7.3.4 Delays Due to Background Applications	152
	7.4 Reducing Scanning Phase Delay	153
	7.4.1 Scanning Orthogonal Channels	154
	7.4.2 AP Performance on Orthogonal Channels	157
	7.5 Summary	160
	8 Cellular Technology-Based Vehicular Communication	161
	8.1 Vehicular D2D Communication	162
	8.1.1 Quality of Service Issues	162
	8.1.2 Contextual Awareness	163
	8.2 D2D Support in LTE-A Networks	163
	8.3 Resource Allocation	164
	8.3.1 Vehicular Perspective	165
	8.3.2 Moving Personal Cells	166
	8.3.3 State of the Art: Resource Allocation	167
	8.4 Device Discovery	168
	8.4.1 Dedicated Discovery Resources	169
	8.4.2 Existing Discovery Mechanisms	170
	8.5 Summary	171
	9 Epilogue	172
	9.1 Future of ITS	172
	9.2 Disruption Tolerance	173
	9.3 Handover Latency	173
	9.4 D2D-based Vehicular Communication	174
	9.5 Data Handling in Vehicular Sensor Networks	174
	9.6 Location Invariant Models	175
	A Backward Algorithm	177
	B EAP Authentication Mechanism	179
	C Software Tools	181
	C.1 IPerf	181
	C.2 Vistumbler	181
	C.3 Windows Network Monitor	182
	C.4 Others	182
	References	183
	Index	194