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Foreword |
6 |
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Preface |
7 |
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Contents |
9 |
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Abbreviations |
13 |
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List of Figures |
16 |
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List of Tables |
20 |
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1 Wireless Technology for Vehicles |
22 |
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1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks |
23 |
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1.2 Expanding the Mobility Domain of WLANs |
25 |
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1.2.1 Vehicular Communications |
26 |
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1.2.2 V2V and R2V Communications |
26 |
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1.3 Autonomous and Connected Vehicles Vision |
28 |
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1.4 Wireless Technologies for Vehicles |
30 |
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1.4.1 Cellular Networks and D2D Communication |
31 |
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1.4.2 802.1x Technologies |
33 |
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1.4.3 Cognitive Radio |
34 |
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1.5 802.11-Based VC: Challenges |
34 |
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1.5.1 Disruption Tolerance |
34 |
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1.5.2 Handover Latency |
36 |
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1.5.3 Security Issues |
37 |
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1.6 Summary |
37 |
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2 Basics of Vehicular Communication |
39 |
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2.1 Disruption Tolerant Networking |
40 |
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2.1.1 Systems and Architectures |
40 |
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2.1.2 New and Modified Protocols |
43 |
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2.1.3 Prediction-Based Techniques |
45 |
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2.2 Handover Latency in Wireless Networks |
47 |
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2.2.1 Detection, Search, and Probing Delay |
48 |
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2.2.2 Authentication and Address Allocation Delay |
50 |
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2.3 Handovers in Vehicular Communication |
51 |
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2.3.1 Mobility Management and Heterogeneity |
54 |
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2.4 IEEE Standards for Vehicular Communication |
55 |
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2.4.1 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments: 802.11p |
56 |
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2.4.2 Fast Transition: 802.11r |
57 |
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2.4.3 High Throughput: 802.11n |
58 |
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2.4.4 Very High Throughput: 802.11ac |
58 |
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2.4.5 IEEE 802.11ax: Work in Progress |
60 |
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2.5 Summary |
61 |
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3 Performance Indicators of Vehicular Communication |
62 |
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3.1 The Vehicular Context |
63 |
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3.2 Key Parameters: RSS and Data Rate |
63 |
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3.3 Measurement and Analysis |
64 |
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3.3.1 Signal Strength |
65 |
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3.3.2 Data Rate |
68 |
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3.3.2.1 Experimental Setup |
68 |
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3.3.2.2 Observations and Analysis |
70 |
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3.3.3 Correlation Between Data Rates and RSS |
72 |
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3.4 Application: Traffic Congestion Monitoring |
74 |
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3.4.1 Extended MULE Concept |
75 |
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3.4.1.1 Comparison with Other Works |
76 |
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3.4.1.2 X-MULE Issues |
76 |
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3.4.2 Roadside Infrastructure |
77 |
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3.4.2.1 Encounter Duration |
79 |
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3.4.3 Communication Mechanism |
80 |
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3.5 Case Study: In-Vehicle Infotainment |
84 |
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3.6 Summary |
85 |
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4 Markov Representation of Vehicular Communications |
87 |
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4.1 Markov Models |
88 |
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4.1.1 Fundamentals of Markov Chains |
88 |
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4.1.2 Markov Process in R2V Communications |
89 |
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4.2 Estimating the Transition Probability |
91 |
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4.2.1 Data Collection |
91 |
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4.2.2 Probability Distribution of Dataset |
92 |
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4.2.3 Calculating Transition Probability |
97 |
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4.2.4 Long Term Error Rate |
99 |
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4.3 Three-State Markov Model |
101 |
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4.4 Towards Hidden Markov Model |
103 |
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4.5 Summary |
104 |
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5 Disruption in Vehicular Communications |
105 |
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5.1 Hidden Markov Models |
105 |
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5.2 HMM Representation of R2V Communication |
106 |
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5.2.1 Model Structure |
107 |
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5.2.2 Estimating Model Parameters |
109 |
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5.2.3 Model Generality, Limitations, and Need |
112 |
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5.2.3.1 Online and Offline Calculations |
112 |
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5.3 Observation Sequence of HMM |
114 |
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5.4 Probabilistic Measures of Disruption |
117 |
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5.4.1 Forward Algorithm |
118 |
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5.4.2 State Probability |
120 |
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5.4.3 Encounter Probability |
121 |
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5.5 Traffic Pattern Analysis |
123 |
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5.5.1 Drive Tests |
123 |
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5.5.2 Variation in Disruption with Traffic Patterns |
125 |
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5.6 Summary |
128 |
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6 Inter ISP Roaming for Vehicular Communications |
129 |
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6.1 Intra- and Inter ISP Roaming |
130 |
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6.2 Wireless Internet Service Provider Roaming |
132 |
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6.2.1 WISPr Architecture |
133 |
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6.3 Wireless Roaming for Data Offloading |
135 |
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6.4 Modifications in HMM |
137 |
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6.4.1 Effectiveness of WISPr |
138 |
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6.5 Summary |
140 |
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7 Handover Latency in Vehicular Communication |
142 |
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7.1 Handovers in WLANs |
142 |
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7.2 Experiments and Observations |
143 |
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7.2.1 Measurement Setup |
144 |
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7.2.2 Observations in Vehicular Environments |
144 |
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7.3 Latency Analysis |
147 |
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7.3.1 DHCP Delay |
147 |
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7.3.1.1 Legacy DHCP |
148 |
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7.3.1.2 Assessing Individual DHCP Processes |
148 |
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7.3.2 EAP Delay |
151 |
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7.3.3 Scanning Delay |
152 |
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7.3.4 Delays Due to Background Applications |
152 |
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7.4 Reducing Scanning Phase Delay |
153 |
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7.4.1 Scanning Orthogonal Channels |
154 |
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7.4.2 AP Performance on Orthogonal Channels |
157 |
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7.5 Summary |
160 |
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8 Cellular Technology-Based Vehicular Communication |
161 |
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8.1 Vehicular D2D Communication |
162 |
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8.1.1 Quality of Service Issues |
162 |
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8.1.2 Contextual Awareness |
163 |
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8.2 D2D Support in LTE-A Networks |
163 |
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8.3 Resource Allocation |
164 |
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8.3.1 Vehicular Perspective |
165 |
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8.3.2 Moving Personal Cells |
166 |
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8.3.3 State of the Art: Resource Allocation |
167 |
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8.4 Device Discovery |
168 |
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8.4.1 Dedicated Discovery Resources |
169 |
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8.4.2 Existing Discovery Mechanisms |
170 |
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8.5 Summary |
171 |
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9 Epilogue |
172 |
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9.1 Future of ITS |
172 |
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9.2 Disruption Tolerance |
173 |
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9.3 Handover Latency |
173 |
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9.4 D2D-based Vehicular Communication |
174 |
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9.5 Data Handling in Vehicular Sensor Networks |
174 |
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9.6 Location Invariant Models |
175 |
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A Backward Algorithm |
177 |
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B EAP Authentication Mechanism |
179 |
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C Software Tools |
181 |
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C.1 IPerf |
181 |
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C.2 Vistumbler |
181 |
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C.3 Windows Network Monitor |
182 |
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C.4 Others |
182 |
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References |
183 |
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Index |
194 |
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