Table of Contents	5
	About the Authors	13
	About the Technical Reviewer	14
	Acknowledgments	15
	Introduction	16
	Chapter 1: The Evolution of Open Source Intelligence	21
	Open Source Information Categories	23
	OSINT Types	25
	Digital Data Volume	25
	OSINT Organizations	26
	Government Organizations	27
	Open Source Center	27
	BBC Monitoring	27
	Private Sector	27
	Jane’s Information Group	28
	Economist Intelligence Unit	28
	Oxford Analytica	28
	Gray Literature Vendors	28
	Factiva	29
	LexisNexis	30
	Parties Interested in OSINT Information	30
	Government	30
	International Organizations	31
	Law Enforcement Agencies	31
	Business Corporations	32
	Penetration Testers and Black Hat Hackers/Criminal Organizations	32
	Privacy-Conscious People	33
	Terrorist Organizations	33
	Information Gathering Types	34
	Passive Collection	34
	Semipassive	34
	Active Collection	35
	Benefits of OSINT	35
	Challenges of Open Source Intelligence	36
	Legal and Ethical Constraints	37
	Summary	38
	Notes	39
	Chapter 2: Introduction To Online Threats and Countermeasures	41
	Online Threats	42
	Malware	42
	Black Hat Hackers	43
	Pharming	43
	Phishing	44
	Ransomware	47
	Adware and Spyware	48
	Trojan	49
	Virus	49
	Worms	49
	Scareware	49
	Distributed Denial of Service	50
	Rootkits	50
	Juice Jacking	50
	Wi-Fi Eavesdropping	50
	Security Software	51
	Antivirus	51
	Firewall	52
	Anti-malware	53
	Securing the Operating System	53
	Hardening the Windows OS	54
	Updating Windows	54
	Updating All Installed Programs	55
	Locking Your PC Using a USB Drive	55
	Using a Less-Privileged User Account	55
	Using a Strong Password for Windows	55
	Keeping Your User Account Control Turned On	56
	Disabling Remote Assistance	56
	Making Hidden Files Visible	57
	Freezing the Hard Disk	57
	Setting a Password for BIOS/UEFI	58
	Disabling Unnecessary Ports/Protocols and Services	58
	Staying Private in Windows 10	59
	Destroying Digital Traces	61
	General Privacy Settings	65
	Covering Your Laptop Camera	65
	Avoiding Pirated Software	65
	Handling Digital Files Metadata	66
	Physically Securing Computing Devices	70
	Online Tracking Techniques	72
	Tracking Through IP Address	72
	What Is an IP Address?	72
	How Is an IP Address Used to Track You Online?	74
	Cookies	75
	Digital Fingerprinting	77
	Script-Based Fingerprinting	77
	Canvas Fingerprinting	77
	HTML5	78
	Checking Your Digital Footprint	78
	Browserleaks	78
	Panopticlick	78
	Secure Online Browsing	79
	Configuring Firefox to Become More Private	79
	Turning On Private Browsing	79
	Changing the Firefox Settings to Become More Private	80
	Firefox Privacy Extensions	83
	Fighting Against Digital Fingerprinting and Browser Leak	84
	Secure Online Communication	84
	VPN	85
	Proxies	86
	DNS Leak Test	87
	Online Anonymity	89
	Using the TOR Network	89
	Tor Browser	90
	Hiding Tor Usage	91
	Using a VPN	92
	Using Tor Bridges	92
	Using Pluggable Transports	94
	Using the Tails OS and Other Security OSs	96
	Sharing Files Securely	97
	OnionShare	97
	Making Anonymous Payments	99
	Prepaid Gift Card	99
	Cryptocurrency	100
	Encryption Techniques	101
	Securing Your Passwords	101
	Encrypting Your Hard Drive/USB Sticks	102
	Cloud Storage Security	102
	Secure E-mail Communications	103
	Secure E-mail Providers	104
	Secure IM and Online Calling Services	105
	Virtualization Technology	106
	Android and iOS Emulator	108
	Essential Prerequisites	108
	Drawing Software and Data Visualization	109
	Mind Mapping and Idea Generation Tools	109
	FreeMind	109
	Storytelling Tools	109
	Diagramming Software	109
	Apache OpenOffice Draw	109
	Google Drawings	110
	Note Management	110
	TagSpaces	110
	KeepNote	110
	Data Visualization	110
	Microsoft Excel	110
	Business Intelligence and Reporting Tools	110
	Dradis CE	110
	Bookmarking	111
	Free Translation Services	112
	Final Tips	112
	Use a False Identity to Register on Some Websites	112
	Be Anonymous	113
	Destroy Your Digital Traces Upon Finishing	113
	Use Linux	113
	Summary	114
	Chapter 3: The Underground Internet	115
	Layers of the Internet	116
	Darknet Users	123
	Accessing the Darknet	124
	Security Checks When Accessing the Darknet	124
	Accessing the Darknet from Within the Surface Web	126
	Using Tor	127
	Using the Tails OS	129
	Warning When Using the Tails OS	134
	Searching the Tor Network	135
	Other Anonymity Networks	136
	I2P	137
	Using I2P	137
	I2P vs. Tor	142
	Freenet	143
	Going Forward	143
	Summary	144
	Notes	145
	Chapter 4: Search Engine Techniques	146
	Keywords Discovery and Research	148
	Using Search Engines to Locate Information	149
	Google	149
	Google Advanced Operators	152
	Google Hacking Database	155
	Search Engines Powered by Google	157
	Bing	157
	Privacy-Oriented Search Engines	159
	Other Search Engines	160
	Business Search Sites	161
	Find Business Annual Records	162
	Business Information (Profiles)	164
	Metadata Search Engines	166
	Code Search	169
	FTP Search Engines	170
	Automated Search Tools	171
	SearchDiggity	171
	SearchDome	171
	Jeviz	172
	Internet Of Things (IoT) Device Search Engines	172
	Web Directories	173
	Translation Services	175
	Website History and Website Capture	177
	Website Monitoring Services	179
	RSS Feed	181
	News Search	182
	Customize Google News	183
	News Websites	185
	Fake News Detection	185
	Searching for Digital Files	189
	Document Search	189
	DOC and DOCX	189
	HTML and HTM	189
	ODT	189
	XLS and XLSX	190
	ODS	190
	PPT and PPTX	190
	ODP	190
	TXT	190
	PDF	191
	File Search Engines	191
	Fagan Finder	191
	General-Search	192
	ShareDir	192
	Custom Search Engine	193
	Gray Literature	198
	Data Leak Information	201
	Document Metadata	202
	Image	202
	Basic Image Search	202
	Reverse Image Search	206
	Image Manipulation Check	207
	OCR Tools	208
	Video	210
	Basic Video Search	211
	Video Analysis	213
	File Extension and File Signature List	215
	Productivity Tools	215
	Screen Capture	215
	Download Online Video	216
	Easy YouTube Video Downloader Express	216
	YooDownload	216
	Dredown	217
	Video/Audio Converter	217
	File Search Tools	218
	Summary	220
	Notes	220
	Chapter 5: Social Media Intelligence	221
	What Is Social Media Intelligence?	223
	Social Media Content Types	224
	Classifications of Social Media Platforms	226
	Popular Social Networking Sites	228
	Investigating Social Media Sites	229
	Facebook	229
	Facebook Graph Search	231
	Other Useful Facebook Graph Search Commands	240
	Tracking Photos Downloaded from Facebook to Its Source Profile	240
	Using Google to Search Facebook Content	242
	Search for Hashtags on Facebook	242
	Using Automated Services to Facilitate Facebook Graph Search	242
	Facebook Scanner	243
	Graph	243
	peoplefindThor	244
	Socmint	244
	Online Facebook Search Tools/Services	245
	Collecting Local Copy of Target Facebook Data	246
	Twitter	249
	Twitter Search	250
	Twitter Advanced Search Operators	251
	Twitter Advanced Search Page	255
	Online Twitter Search Tools/Services	256
	Google+	259
	Searching Google+	261
	Google+ Advanced Search Operator	261
	Using Google to Search Within Google+	264
	Searching Google+ Using a Google Custom Search Engine	265
	Other Useful Services for Google+	265
	LinkedIn	265
	LinkedIn Search	267
	Advanced LinkedIn Search Operators	270
	Searching LinkedIn Using a Google Custom Search	270
	General Resources for Locating Information on Social Media Sites	271
	Other Social Media Platforms	272
	Pastebin Sites	273
	Social Media Psychological Analysis	274
	Tone Analyzer	275
	Watson Tone Analyzer	275
	Facebook and Twitter Prediction	276
	Fake Sport	276
	Review Meta	276
	TweetGenie	276
	Summary	276
	Notes	277
	Chapter 6: People Search Engines and Public Records	279
	What Is a People Search Engine?	279
	What Are Public Records?	280
	Example of Public Records	281
	Searching for Personal Details	282
	General People Search	282
	TruthFinder	282
	411	283
	Pipl	283
	Other	283
	Online Registries	286
	Vital Records	287
	Criminal and Court Search	290
	Property Records	291
	Tax and Financial Records	292
	Social Security Number Search	293
	Username Check	293
	E-mail Search and Investigation	293
	Data Compromised Repository Websites	295
	Phone Number Search	297
	Employee Profiles and Job Websites	298
	Dating Website Search	299
	Other Public Records	301
	Summary	302
	Notes	302
	Chapter 7: Online Maps	303
	The Basics of Geolocation Tracking	303
	How to Find the GPS Coordinates of Any Location on a Map	304
	How to Find the Geocode Coordinates from a Mailing Address	306
	General Geospatial Research Tools	306
	Commercial Satellites	312
	Date/Time Around the World	312
	Location-Based Social Media	313
	YouTube	313
	Facebook	314
	Using Facebook Graph in the Location Search	314
	Facebook Live	315
	Twitter	316
	Search for Tweets in a Specific Geographical Location	316
	Tweet Mapper	318
	One Million Tweet Map	319
	Qtr Tweets	319
	Tweet Map	319
	Periscope Map	319
	Other Social Media Platforms	320
	Strava Heat Map	320
	Conducting Location Searches on Social Media Using Automated Tools	321
	Country Profile Information	322
	Transport Tracking	322
	Air Movements	323
	Maritime Movements	325
	Vehicles and Railway	327
	Package Tracking	328
	Webcams	329
	Digital File Metadata	330
	Summary	330
	Chapter 8: Technical Footprinting	331
	Investigate the Target Website	332
	Investigate the Robots.txt File	334
	Mirror the Target Website	335
	Extract the Links	335
	Check the Target Website’s Backlinks	336
	Monitor Website Updates	336
	Check the Website’s Archived Contents	336
	Identify the Technologies Used	337
	Web Scraping Tools	340
	theHarvester	340
	Web Data Extractor	342
	Email Extractor	342
	Investigate the Target Website’s File Metadata	342
	Website Certification Search	343
	Website Statistics and Analytics Tools	343
	Website Reputation Checker Tools	344
	Passive Technical Reconnaissance Activities	345
	WHOIS Lookup	345
	Subdomain Discovery	347
	Using Google Search Operator	348
	Using VirusTotal.com	348
	DNSdumpster	349
	DNS Reconnaissance	350
	Route Mapping	350
	Common DNS Record Types	351
	nslookup Command	352
	Netcraft	354
	IP Address Tracking	355
	Summary	357
	Chapter 9: What’s Next?	358
	Where Will OSINT Go Next?	358
	OSINT Process	360
	Final Words	361
	Index	362