Cover	1
	Title Page	7
	Copyright	8
	About the Authors	9
	Credits	11
	Acknowledgments	13
	Contents	15
	What’s Inside?	19
	Changes from Previous Editions	21
	Chapter 1 What Is Interaction Design?	23
	1.1 Introduction	23
	1.2 Good and Poor Design	24
	1.2.1 Voice-Mail System	25
	1.2.2 Remote Control	27
	1.2.1 What to Design	29
	1.3 What Is Interaction Design?	31
	1.3.1 The Components of Interaction Design	31
	1.3.2 Who Is Involved in Interaction Design?	33
	1.3.3 Interaction Design Consultancies	35
	1.4 The User Experience	35
	1.5 Understanding Users	37
	1.6 Accessibility and Inclusiveness	39
	1.7 Usability and User Experience Goals	41
	1.7.1 Usability Goals	41
	1.7.2 User Experience Goals	44
	1.7.3 Design Principles	48
	Summary	54
	Further Reading	55
	Interview with Harry Brignull	56
	Chapter 2 The Process of Interaction Design	59
	2.1 Introduction	59
	2.2 What Is Involved in Interaction Design?	60
	2.2.1 Understanding the Problem Space	63
	2.2.2 The Importance of Involving Users	65
	2.2.3 Degrees of User Involvement	67
	2.2.4 What Is a User-Centered Approach?	69
	2.2.5 Four Basic Activities of Interaction Design	72
	2.2.6 A Simple Lifecycle Model for Interaction Design	73
	2.3 Some Practical Issues	77
	2.3.1 Who Are the Users?	77
	2.3.2 What Are the Users’ Needs?	79
	2.3.3 How to Generate Alternative Designs	80
	2.3.4 How to Choose Among Alternative Designs	81
	2.3.5 How to Integrate Interaction Design Activities Within Other Lifecycle Models	86
	Summary	88
	Further Reading	88
	Chapter 3 Conceptualizing Interaction	91
	3.1 Introduction	91
	3.2 Conceptualizing Interaction	93
	3.3 Conceptual Models	96
	3.4 Interface Metaphors	100
	3.5 Interaction Types	103
	3.5.1 Instructing	104
	3.5.2 Conversing	105
	3.5.3 Manipulating	107
	3.5.4 Exploring	108
	3.5.5 Responding	109
	3.6 Paradigms, Visions, Theories, Models, and Frameworks	110
	3.6.1 Paradigms	111
	3.6.2 Visions	112
	3.6.3 Theories	114
	3.6.4 Models	114
	3.6.5 Frameworks	114
	Summary	117
	Further Reading	118
	Interview with Albrecht Schmidt	119
	Chapter 4 Cognitive Aspects	123
	4.1 Introduction	123
	4.2 What Is Cognition?	124
	4.2.1 Attention	125
	4.2.2 Perception	131
	4.2.3 Memory	133
	4.2.4 Learning	141
	4.2.5 Reading, Speaking, and Listening	142
	4.2.6 Problem-Solving, Planning, Reasoning, and Decision-Making	143
	4.3 Cognitive Frameworks	145
	4.3.1 Mental Models	145
	4.3.2 Gulfs of Execution and Evaluation	147
	4.3.3. Information Processing	148
	4.3.4 Distributed Cognition	149
	4.3.5 External Cognition	151
	4.3.6 Embodied Interaction	153
	Summary	155
	Further Reading	155
	Chapter 5 Social Interaction	157
	5.1 Introduction	157
	5.2 Being Social	158
	5.3 Face-to-Face Conversations	161
	5.4 Remote Conversations	165
	5.5 Co-presence	172
	5.5.1 Physical Coordination	172
	5.5.2 Awareness	172
	5.5.3 Shareable Interfaces	174
	5.6 Social Engagement	180
	Summary	184
	Further Reading	184
	Chapter 6 Emotional Interaction	187
	6.1 Introduction	187
	6.2 Emotions and the User Experience	188
	6.3 Expressive Interfaces and Emotional Design	194
	6.4 Annoying Interfaces	196
	6.5 Affective Computing and Emotional AI	201
	6.6 Persuasive Technologies and Behavioral Change	204
	6.7 Anthropomorphism	209
	Summary	212
	Further Reading	213
	Chapter 7 Interfaces	215
	7.1 Introduction	215
	7.2 Interface Types	216
	7.2.1 Command-Line Interfaces	217
	7.2.2 Graphical User Interfaces	219
	7.2.3 Multimedia	231
	7.2.4 Virtual Reality	234
	7.2.5 Website Design	238
	7.2.6 Mobile Devices	241
	7.2.7 Appliances	244
	7.2.8 Voice User Interfaces	246
	7.2.9 Pen-Based Devices	248
	7.2.10 Touchscreens	250
	7.2.11 Gesture-Based Systems	251
	7.2.12 Haptic Interfaces	253
	7.2.13 Multimodal Interfaces	254
	7.2.14 Shareable Interfaces	257
	7.2.15 Tangible Interfaces	260
	7.2.16 Augmented Reality	263
	7.2.17 Wearables	267
	7.2.18 Robots and Drones	269
	7.2.19 Brain–Computer Interfaces	272
	7.2.20 Smart Interfaces	273
	7.3 Natural User Interfaces and Beyond	274
	7.4 Which Interface?	275
	Summary	277
	Further Reading	277
	Interview with Leah Buechley	279
	Chapter 8 Data Gathering	281
	8.1 Introduction	281
	8.2 Five Key Issues	282
	8.2.1 Setting Goals	282
	8.2.2 Identifying Participants	283
	8.2.3 Relationship with Participants	284
	8.2.4 Triangulation	286
	8.2.5 Pilot Studies	287
	8.3 Data Recording	288
	8.3.1 Notes Plus Photographs	288
	8.3.2 Audio Plus Photographs	289
	8.3.3 Video	289
	8.4 Interviews	290
	8.4.1 Unstructured Interviews	290
	8.4.2 Structured Interviews	291
	8.4.3 Semi-structured Interviews	291
	8.4.4 Focus Groups	293
	8.4.5 Planning and Conducting an Interview	294
	8.4.6 Other Forms of Interview	299
	8.4.7 Enriching the Interview Experience	299
	8.5 Questionnaires	300
	8.5.1 Questionnaire Structure	301
	8.5.2 Question and Response Format	302
	8.5.3 Administering Questionnaires	305
	8.6 Observation	309
	8.6.1 Direct Observation in the Field	310
	8.6.2 Direct Observation in Controlled Environments	317
	8.6.3 Indirect Observation: Tracking Users’ Activities	320
	8.7 Choosing and Combining Techniques	322
	Summary	326
	Further Reading	326
	Chapter 9 Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation	329
	9.1 Introduction	329
	9.2 Quantitative and Qualitative	330
	9.2.1 First Steps in Analyzing Data	332
	9.3 Basic Quantitative Analysis	333
	9.4 Basic Qualitative Analysis	342
	9.4.1 Identifying Themes	344
	9.4.2 Categorizing Data	346
	9.4.3 Critical Incident Analysis	349
	9.5 Which Kind of Analytic Framework to Use?	351
	9.5.1 Conversation Analysis	352
	9.5.2 Discourse Analysis	353
	9.5.3 Content Analysis	354
	9.5.4 Interaction Analysis	355
	9.5.5 Grounded Theory	356
	9.5.6 Systems-Based Frameworks	360
	9.6 Tools to Support Data Analysis	363
	9.7 Interpreting and Presenting the Findings	364
	9.7.1 Structured Notations	366
	9.7.2 Using Stories	366
	9.7.3 Summarizing the Findings	367
	Summary	369
	Further Reading	369
	Chapter 10 Data at Scale	371
	10.1 Introduction	371
	10.2 Approaches to Collecting and Analyzing Data	373
	10.2.1 Scraping and “Second Source” Data	374
	10.2.2 Collecting Personal Data	375
	10.2.3 Crowdsourcing Data	375
	10.2.4 Sentiment Analysis	380
	10.2.5 Social Network Analysis	381
	10.2.6 Combining Multiple Sources of Data	386
	10.3 Visualizing and Exploring Data	388
	10.4 Ethical Design Concerns	397
	Summary	405
	Further Reading	406
	Chapter 11 Discovering Requirements	407
	11.1 Introduction	407
	11.2 What, How, and Why?	408
	11.2.1 What Is the Purpose of the Requirements Activity?	408
	11.2.2 How to Capture Requirements Once They Are Discovered?	408
	11.2.3 Why Bother? Avoiding Miscommunication	409
	11.3 What Are Requirements?	409
	11.3.1 Different Kinds of Requirements	412
	11.4 Data Gathering for Requirements	417
	11.4.1 Using Probes to Engage with Users	420
	11.4.2 Contextual Inquiry	422
	11.4.3 Brainstorming for Innovation	424
	11.5 Bringing Requirements to Life: Personas and Scenarios	425
	11.5.1 Personas	425
	11.5.2 Scenarios	430
	11.6 Capturing Interaction with Use Cases	437
	Summary	439
	Further Reading	439
	Interview with Ellen Gottesdiener	440
	Chapter 12 Design, Prototyping, and Construction	443
	12.1 Introduction	443
	12.2 Prototyping	444
	12.2.1 What Is a Prototype?	444
	12.2.2 Why Prototype?	446
	12.2.3 Low-Fidelity Prototyping	448
	12.2.4 High-Fidelity Prototyping	450
	12.2.5 Compromises in Prototyping	451
	12.3 Conceptual Design	456
	12.3.1 Developing an Initial Conceptual Model	461
	12.3.2 Expanding the Initial Conceptual Model	466
	12.4 Concrete Design	467
	12.5 Generating Prototypes	469
	12.5.1 Generating Storyboards	469
	12.5.2 Generating Card-Based Prototypes	471
	12.6 Construction	479
	12.6.1 Physical Computing	480
	12.6.2 SDKs: Software Development Kits	485
	Summary	486
	Further Reading	487
	Interview with Jon Froehlich	488
	Chapter 13 Interaction Design in Practice	493
	13.1 Introduction	493
	13.2 AgileUX	495
	13.2.1 User Research	497
	13.2.2 Aligning Work Practices	499
	13.2.3 Documentation	503
	13.3 Design Patterns	506
	13.4 Open Source Resources	511
	13.5 Tools for Interaction Design	513
	Summary	515
	Further Reading	516
	Chapter 14 Introducing Evaluation	517
	14.1 Introduction	517
	14.2 The Why, What, Where, and When of Evaluation	518
	14.2.1 Why Evaluate?	518
	14.2.2 What to Evaluate	519
	14.2.3 Where to Evaluate	520
	14.2.4 When to Evaluate	521
	14.3 Types of Evaluation	522
	14.3.1 Controlled Settings Involving Users	523
	14.3.2 Natural Settings Involving Users	526
	14.3.3 Any Settings Not Involving Users	527
	14.3.4 Selecting and Combining Methods	528
	14.3.5 Opportunistic Evaluations	529
	14.4 Evaluation Case Studies	529
	14.4.1 Case Study 1: An Experiment Investigating a Computer Game	529
	14.4.2 Case Study 2: Gathering Ethnographic Data at the Royal Highland Show	532
	14.5 What Did We Learn from the Case Studies?	536
	14.6 Other Issues to Consider When Doing Evaluation	538
	14.6.1 Informing Participants About Their Rights and Getting Their Consent	538
	14.6.2 Issues That Influence the Choice of Method and How the Data Is Interpreted	539
	Summary	542
	Further Reading	542
	Chapter 15 Evaluation Studies: From Controlled to Natural Settings	545
	15.1 Introduction	545
	15.2 Usability Testing	546
	15.2.1 Methods, Tasks, and Users	546
	15.2.2 Labs and Equipment	547
	15.2.3 Case Study: Testing the iPad Usability	550
	15.3 Conducting Experiments	555
	15.3.1 Hypotheses Testing	555
	15.3.2 Experimental Design	556
	15.3.3 Statistics: t-tests	558
	15.4 Field Studies	558
	15.4.1 In-the-Wild Studies	560
	15.4.2 Other Perspectives	563
	Summary	566
	Further Reading	567
	Interview with danah boyd	568
	Chapter 16 Evaluation: Inspections, Analytics, and Models	571
	16.1 Introduction	571
	16.2 Inspections: Heuristic Evaluation and Walk-Throughs	572
	16.2.1 Heuristic Evaluation	572
	16.2.2 Walk-Throughs	583
	16.3 Analytics and A/B Testing	589
	16.3.1 Web Analytics	589
	16.3.2 A/B Testing	596
	16.4 Predictive Models	598
	16.4.1 Fitts’ Law	598
	Summary	600
	Further Reading	601
	References	603
	Index	641
	EULA	659