Color Appearance Models	5
	Copyright	6
	Contents	9
	Series Preface	15
	Preface	17
	Acknowledgments	20
	Introduction	21
	1 Human Color Vision	25
	1.1 Optics of the Eye	26
	The Cornea	27
	The Lens	27
	The Humors	28
	The Iris	28
	The Retina	29
	The Fovea	29
	The Macula	30
	The Optic Nerve	30
	1.2 The Retina	31
	Rods and Cones	32
	Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells	38
	1.3 Visual Signal Processing	38
	Receptive Fields	40
	Processing in Area V1	41
	1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision	43
	Trichromatic Theory	43
	Hering’s Opponent Colors Theory	43
	Modern Opponent Colors Theory	44
	Adaptation Mechanisms	45
	Visual Mechanisms Impacting Color Appearance	50
	1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision	51
	The Oblique Effect	55
	CSFs and Eye Movements	56
	1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies	56
	Protanopia, Deuteranopia, and Tritanopia	56
	Anomalous Trichromacy	57
	Color Vision Deficiencies and Gender	59
	Screening Observers Who Make Color Judgments	60
	1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling	60
	2 Psychophysics	62
	2.1 Psychophysics Defined	63
	Two Classes of Visual Experiments	63
	2.2 Historical Context	64
	Weber’s Work	64
	Fechner’s Work	65
	Stevens’ Work	66
	2.3 Hierarchy Of Scales	67
	Nominal Scales	67
	Ordinal Scales	67
	Interval Scales	68
	Ratio Scales	68
	Example of the Use of Scales	68
	2.4 Threshold Techniques	69
	Types of Threshold Experiments	70
	Method of Adjustment	70
	Method of Limits	70
	hod of Constant Stimuli	71
	Yes–No Method	71
	Forced-Choice Procedures	71
	Staircase Procedures	72
	Probit Analysis of Threshold Data	72
	2.5 Matching Techniques	73
	Asymmetric Matching	73
	Memory Matching	73
	2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling	74
	2.7 Multidimensional Scaling	76
	2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments	78
	2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling	79
	3 Colorimetry	80
	3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry	81
	3.2 Why is Color?	81
	3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants	83
	Spectroradiometry	83
	Black-Body Radiators	84
	CIE Illuminants	85
	3.4 Colored Materials	87
	CIE Illumination and Viewing Geometries	89
	Diffuse/Normal and Normal/Diffuse	90
	45/Normal and Normal/45	91
	Fluorescence	92
	3.5 The Human Visual Response	92
	The System of Photometry	93
	3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions	94
	Tristimulus Values for Any Stimulus	95
	Estimating Average Color Matching Functions	97
	Two Sets of Color Matching Functions	100
	3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams	101
	3.8 CIE Color Spaces	103
	CIELAB	104
	CIELUV	104
	3.9 Color Difference Specification	105
	3.10 The Next Step	107
	4 Color Appearance Terminology	109
	4.1 Importance of Definitions	109
	4.2 Color	110
	4.3 Hue	112
	4.4 Brightness and Lightness	112
	4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma	114
	4.6 Saturation	115
	4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors	115
	4.8 Definitions in Equations	116
	4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness vs Lightness–Chroma	118
	5 Color Order Systems	121
	5.1 Overview and Requirements	122
	5.2 The Munsell Book of Color	123
	Munsell Value	123
	Munsell Hue	125
	Munsell Chroma	125
	Munsell Book of Color	125
	5.3 The Swedish NCS	128
	5.4 The Colorcurve System	130
	5.5 Other Color Order Systems	131
	OSA Uniform Color Scales	131
	DIN System	132
	Ostwald System	133
	5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems	133
	Color Order Systems in Visual Experiments	134
	Color Order Systems in Art and Design	134
	Color Order Systems in Communication	134
	Color Order Systems in Education	135
	Color Order Systems to Evaluate Mathematical Color Appearance Models	135
	Color Order Systems and Imaging Systems	136
	Limitations of Color Order Systems	136
	5.7 Color Naming Systems	136
	The PANTONE System	137
	The Trumatch System	137
	Other Systems	137
	6 Color Appearance Phenomena	139
	6.1 What are Color Appearance Phenomena?	139
	6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading	140
	Simultaneous Contrast	140
	Crispening	143
	Spreading	143
	6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes With Luminance)	144
	6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity)	145
	6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends on Luminance and Chromaticity)	147
	6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness increases with Luminance)	149
	6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance)	151
	6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Non-Selective Samples)	153
	6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast changes with Surround)	155
	6.10 Discounting-the-Illuminant	156
	6.11 Other Context, Structural, and Psychological Effects	157
	Two-Color Projections	161
	6.12 Color Constancy?	164
	7 Viewing Conditions	166
	7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field	166
	Stimulus	167
	Proximal Field	169
	Background	169
	Surround	170
	7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the viewing field	170
	7.3 Modes of Viewing	173
	Illuminant	175
	Illumination	177
	Surface	177
	Volume	177
	Film	177
	7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited	178
	8 Chromatic Adaptation	180
	8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation	181
	Light Adaptation	181
	Dark Adaptation	182
	Chromatic Adaptation	182
	8.2 Physiology	183
	Pupil Dilation/Constriction	185
	Role of the Rods and Cones	185
	Receptor Gain Control	187
	Subtractive Mechanisms	187
	High-Level Adpaptation Mechanisms	189
	8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms	194
	Sensory Mechanisms	194
	Cognitive Mechanisms	195
	Hard-Copy Vs Soft-Copy Output	196
	The Time-Course of Adaptation	196
	8.4 Corresponding Colors Data	198
	Asymmetric Matching	198
	Haploscopic Matching	199
	Memory Matching	199
	Magnitude Estimation	199
	Cross-Media Comparisons	200
	8.5 Models	201
	8.6 Color Inconstancy Index	202
	8.7 Computational Color Constancy	203
	9 Chromatic Adaptation Models	205
	9.1 Von Kries Model	206
	9.2 Retinex Theory	210
	9.3 Nayatani et al. Model	211
	MacAdam’s Model	211
	Nayatani’s Model	212
	9.4 Guth’s Model	214
	9.5 Fairchild’s 1990 Model	216
	9.6 Herding Cats	220
	9.7 CAT02	221
	10 Color Appearance Models	223
	10.1 Definition of Color Appearance Models	223
	10.2 Construction of Color Appearance Models	224
	10.3 CIELAB	225
	Calculating CIELAB Coordinates	225
	Wrong von Kries Transform	230
	10.4 Why not use just CIELAB?	234
	10.5 What about CIELUV?	234
	11 The Nayatani et al. Model	237
	11.1 Objectives and Approach	237
	11.2 Input Data	238
	11.3 Adaptation Model	239
	11.4 Opponent Color Dimensions	241
	11.5 Brightness	242
	11.6 Lightness	243
	11.7 Hue	243
	11.8 Saturation	244
	11.9 Chroma	245
	11.10 Colorfulness	245
	11.11 Inverse Model	246
	11.12 Phenomena Predicted	246
	11.13 Why not use just the Nayatani et al. model?	247
	12 The Hunt Model	249
	12.1 Objectives and Approach	249
	12.2 Input Data	250
	12.3 Adaptation Model	252
	12.4 Opponent Color Dimensions	257
	12.5 Hue	258
	12.6 Saturation	259
	12.7 Brightness	260
	12.8 Lightness	262
	12.9 Chroma	262
	12.10 Colorfulness	262
	12.11 Inverse Model	263
	12.12 Phenomena Predicted	265
	12.13 Why not use just the Hunt Model?	266
	13 The RLAB Model	267
	13.1 Objectives and Approach	267
	13.2 Input Data	269
	13.3 Adaptation Model	270
	13.4 Opponent Color Dimensions	272
	13.5 Lightness	274
	13.6 Hue	274
	13.7 Chroma	276
	13.8 Saturation	276
	13.9 Inverse Model	276
	13.10 Phenomena Predicted	278
	13.11 Why not use just the RLAB Model?	278
	14 Other Models	280
	14.1 Overview	280
	14.2 ATD Model	281
	Objectives and Approach	282
	Input Data	282
	Adaptation Model	283
	Opponent Color Dimensions	284
	Perceptual Correlates	285
	Phenomena Predicted	286
	Why Not Use Just the ATD Model?	286
	ATD04 Model	287
	14.3 LLAB Model	288
	Objectives and Approach	288
	Input Data	289
	Adaptation Model	289
	Opponent Color Dimensions	291
	Perceptual Correlates	292
	Color Differences	293
	Phenomena Predicted	293
	Why Not Use Just the LLAB Model?	294
	14.4 IPT Color Space	295
	Why Not Use Just the IPT Model?	296
	15 The CIE Color Appearance Model (1997), CIECAM97s	297
	15.1 Historical Development, Objectives, and Approach	297
	15.2 Input Data	300
	15.3 Adaptation Model	301
	15.4 Appearance Correlates	303
	15.5 Inverse Model	304
	15.6 Phenomena Predicted	305
	15.7 The ZLAB Color Appearance Model	306
	Input Data	306
	Chromatic Adaptation	306
	Appearance Correlates	308
	15.8 Why not use just CIECAM97s?	309
	16 CIECAM02	311
	16.1 Objectives and Approach	311
	16.2 Input Data	312
	16.3 Adaptation Model	314
	A Note on the CIECAM02 Chromatic Adaptation Transform	315
	Remainder of CIECAM02 Adaptation Model	316
	16.4 Opponent Color Dimensions	318
	16.5 Hue	318
	16.6 Lightness	319
	16.7 Brightness	319
	16.8 Chroma	319
	16.9 Colorfulness	320
	16.10 Saturation	320
	16.11 Cartesian Coordinates	320
	16.12 Inverse Model	321
	16.13 Implementation Guidelines	321
	16.14 Phenomena Predicted	322
	16.15 Computational Issues	322
	16.16 CAM02-UCS	324
	16.17 Why not use just CIECAM02?	325
	16.18 Outlook	325
	17 Testing Color Appearance Models	327
	17.1 Overview	327
	17.2 Qualitative Tests	328
	17.3 Corresponding-Colors Data	332
	17.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments	334
	17.5 Direct Model Tests	336
	17.6 Colorfulness In Projected Images	340
	17.7 Munsell in Color Appearance Spaces	341
	17.8 CIE Activities	342
	TC1-34, Testing Colour-Appearance Models	342
	TC1-27, Specification of Colour Appearance for Reflective Media and Self-Luminous Display Comparisons	344
	TC1-33, Color Rendering	345
	TC1-52, Chromatic Adaptation Transform	345
	R1-24 Colour Appearance Models	345
	TC8-01, Colour Appearance Modeling for Colour Management Applications	345
	TC8-04, Adaptation Under Mixed Illumination Conditions	346
	TC8-08, Testing of Spatial Colour Appearance Model	346
	R8-05 Image Appearance	346
	R8-06, Results of CIECAM02	346
	TC8-11, CIECAM02 Mathematics	347
	TC1-75, a Comprehensive Model of Colour Appearance	347
	TC1-76, Unique Hue Data	347
	17.9 A Pictorial Review of Color Appearance Models	347
	18 Traditional Colorimetric Applications	352
	18.1 Color Rendering	352
	Current Techniques and Recommendations	354
	Application of Color Appearance Models	355
	Future Directions	355
	18.2 Color Differences	357
	Current Techniques and Recommendations	357
	Application of Color Appearance Models	358
	Future Directions	359
	18.3 Indices of Metamerism	359
	Current Techniques and Recommendations	360
	Application of Color Appearance Models	361
	Future Directions	361
	18.4 A General System of Colorimetry?	361
	18.5 What about Observer Metamerism?	362
	19 Device-Independent Color Imaging	365
	19.1 The Problem	366
	19.2 Levels of Color Reproduction	367
	Spectral Color Reproduction	367
	Colorimetric Color Reproduction	368
	Exact Color Reproduction	368
	Equivalent Color Reproduction	368
	Corresponding Color Reproduction	368
	Preferred Color Reproduction	369
	19.3 A Revised set of Objectives	369
	19.4 General Solution	372
	19.5 Device Calibration and Characterization	373
	Three Approaches to Device Characterization	374
	Physical Modeling	374
	Empirical Modeling	375
	Exhaustive Measurement	375
	Types of Colorimetric Measurements	376
	Flare, Metamerism, and Fluorescence	376
	Flare	377
	Metamerism	377
	Fluorescence	377
	19.6 The Need for Color Appearance Models	378
	19.7 Definition of Viewing Conditions	379
	19.8 Viewing-Conditions-Independent Color Space	381
	19.9 Gamut Mapping	381
	19.10 Color Preferences	385
	19.11 Inverse Process	386
	19.12 Example System	387
	19.13 ICC Implementation	388
	Profile Connection Space	389
	20 Image Appearance Modeling and the Future	393
	20.1 From Color Appearance to Image Appearance	394
	Image Colorimetry	394
	Color Difference Equations	395
	Image Difference	395
	olor Appearance	396
	Image Appearance and Image Quality	396
	Color and Image Appearance Models	399
	20.2 S-CIELAB	399
	20.3 The iCAM Framework	400
	20.4 A Modular Image Difference Model	406
	Spatial Filtering	407
	Spatial Frequency Adaptation	407
	Spatial Localization	409
	Local Contrast Detection	409
	Color Difference Map	409
	20.5 Image Appearance and Rendering Applications	409
	20.6 Image Difference and Quality Applications	415
	20.7 iCAM06	416
	20.8 Orthogonal Color Space	417
	20.9 Future Directions	420
	One Color Appearance Model?	420
	Other Color Appearance Models	421
	Ongoing Research to Test Models	421
	Ongoing Model Development	422
	21 High-Dynamic-Range Color Space	423
	21.1 Luminance Dynamic Range	424
	21.2 The HDR Photographic Survey	425
	21.3 Lightness–Brightness Beyond Diffuse White	427
	21.4 hdr-CIELAB	428
	21.5 hdr-IPT	430
	21.6 Evans, G0, and Brilliance	431
	21.7 The Nayatani Theoretical Color Space	433
	21.8 A New Kind of Appearance Space	433
	21.9 Future Directions	440
	What To Do Now	440
	References	442
	Index	464